Detecting anxiety in individuals with Parkinson disease: A systematic review

This is a new systematic review of studies assessing the diagnostic accuracy of anxiety scales in people with PD. It is important because anxiety is a common feature of Parkinson's both before and after the diagnosis. The authors found that overall 30% of people with Parkinson's meet the criteria for anxiety, but I have to say that in my experience I would put it closer to 50%. Maybe this reflects a bias in the patients I see??

The properties of the scales available for assessing anxiety are important. At the beginning of PREDICT-PD, we went through a pain-staking process of selection and in the end arrived at the Hospital Anxiety Depression Scale (HADS). In fact, at that time we knew that it was not the very best Anxiety scale or the very best Depression scale in terms of diagnostic accuracy, but it did combine assessment of both problems in one validated questionnaire, it was feasible to self-administer and it was relatively short. Nearly seven years on I am still happy with that decision but we may now test other scales within the PREDICT-PD programme too. Depression and anxiety are two features that are likely to pre-date a diagnosis of PD by a long time and it is critically important to be using the best tools to identify them both. They also have a dramatic impact on quality of life and are treatable, which are two good reasons to be trying to pick them up in people that don't have a diagnosis because there are likely to be significant health benefits...

Alastair Noyce

Neurology. 2017 Dec 6. pii: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000004771. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000004771. [Epub ahead of print]
Mele B, Holroyd-Leduc J, Smith EE, Pringsheim T, Ismail Z, Goodarzi Z.

http://n.neurology.org/content/early/2017/12/06/WNL.0000000000004771.long

OBJECTIVE: To examine diagnostic accuracy of anxiety detection tools compared with a gold standard in outpatient settings among adults with Parkinson disease (PD).

METHODS: A systematic review was conducted. MEDLINE, EMABASE, PsycINFO, and Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews were searched to April 7, 2017. Prevalence of anxiety and diagnostic accuracy measures including sensitivity, specificity, and likelihood ratios were gathered. Pooled prevalence of anxiety was calculated using Mantel-Haenszel-weighted DerSimonian and Laird models.

RESULTS: A total of 6,300 citations were reviewed with 6 full-text articles included for synthesis. Tools included within this study were the Beck Anxiety Inventory, Geriatric Anxiety Inventory (GAI), Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale-Anxiety, Parkinson's Anxiety Scale (PAS), and Mini-Social Phobia Inventory. Anxiety diagnoses made included generalized anxiety disorder, social phobia, and any anxiety type. Pooled prevalence of anxiety was 30.1% (95% confidence interval 26.1%-34.0%). The GAI had the best-reported sensitivity of 0.86 and specificity of 0.88. The observer-rated PAS had a sensitivity of 0.71 and the highest specificity of 0.91.

CONCLUSIONS: While there are 6 tools validated for anxiety screening in PD populations, most tools are only validated in single studies. The GAI is brief and easy to use, with a good balance of sensitivity and specificity. The PAS was specifically developed for PD, is brief, and has self-/observer-rated scales, but with lower sensitivity. Health care practitioners involved in PD care need to be aware of available validated tools and choose one that fits their practice.

Hepatitis C virus infection and risk of Parkinson's disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Results from our study using HES data earlier this year have been meta-analysed with data from other published studies. The results are not surprising (Hep C is associated with increased risk of PD) but the mechanism is intriguing and requires further study... whether it is a percularlity of the virus, the treatment or a shared susceptibility remains to be seen...

Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2017 Oct 18. doi: 10.1097/MEG.0000000000000991. [Epub ahead of print]
Wijarnpreecha K, Chesdachai S, Jaruvongvanich V, Ungprasert P.

https://insights.ovid.com/pubmed?pmid=29049127

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE: Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is one of the most common infections worldwide. Recent epidemiologic studies have suggested that patients with HCV infection might be at an increased risk of Parkinson's disease. However, the data on this relationship remain inconclusive. This meta-analysis was conducted with the aim to summarize all available evidence.

PATIENTS AND METHODS: A literature search was performed using MEDLINE and EMBASE database from inception to May 2017. Studies that reported relative risks, odd ratios (ORs), or hazard ratios comparing the risk of Parkinson's disease among HCV-infected patients versus participants without HCV infection were included. Pooled OR and 95% confidence interval were calculated using a random-effect, generic inverse variance method.

RESULTS: Of 468 studies, five studies with 323 974 participants met our eligibility criteria and were included in the analysis. We found a higher risk of Parkinson's disease among patients with chronic HCV infection compared with participants without HCV infection with the pooled OR of 1.35 (95% confidence interval: 1.19-1.52). The statistical heterogeneity of this study was insignificant (I=3%). The main limitation of this meta-analysis was the limited accuracy of diagnosis in the primary studies as they were coding-based studies.

CONCLUSION: This study demonstrated a higher risk of Parkinson's disease among HCV-infected patients. Further studies are required to clarify how this risk should be addressed in the clinical picture.